diff --git a/t/genesis_openembedded_consumer.t b/t/genesis_openembedded_consumer.t
index 36070f2..cdefb70 100644
--- a/t/genesis_openembedded_consumer.t
+++ b/t/genesis_openembedded_consumer.t
@@ -10,21 +10,23 @@ use FindBin;
 use Test::More;
 
 use lib "$FindBin::Bin/../lib";
-use lib "$FindBin::Bin/../genesis-openembedded/lib";
 use lib "$FindBin::Bin/lib";
+use XCAT::BuildUtils qw(
+  capture_command
+  command_exists
+  digest_file
+  read_binary
+  write_binary
+);
 use XCAT::GenesisRelease qw(
   architectures
   deb_package_name
   rpm_package_name
 );
 use XCAT::GenesisReleaseTest qw(
-  command_exists
-  file_sha
   make_export
-  read_file
   run_capture
   write_checksums
-  write_file
   write_release_manifest
 );
 
@@ -74,15 +76,15 @@ sub test_rpm_consumer {
     my $package = "xCAT-genesis-openembedded-x86_64-$version-$release.noarch.rpm";
     my $source_package = "xCAT-genesis-openembedded-x86_64-$version-$release.src.rpm";
     my $output = "$tmp/rpm output";
-    my $target = 'test+epel-10-' . capture('uname', '-m');
+    my $target = 'test+epel-10-' . capture_command('uname', '-m');
     my $run = "$target-consumer";
-    my $run_repo = "$output/mockbuild-all/$run/repo/" . capture('uname', '-m');
+    my $run_repo = "$output/mockbuild-all/$run/repo/" . capture_command('uname', '-m');
     my $source_repo = "$output/mockbuild-all/$run/repo-src";
-    my $deploy_repo = "$output/xcat-dep/rh10/" . capture('uname', '-m');
+    my $deploy_repo = "$output/xcat-dep/rh10/" . capture_command('uname', '-m');
     make_path($run_repo, $source_repo, $deploy_repo);
-    write_file("$run_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm", 'stale');
-    write_file("$source_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.src.rpm", 'stale');
-    write_file("$deploy_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm", 'stale');
+    write_binary("$run_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm", 'stale');
+    write_binary("$source_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.src.rpm", 'stale');
+    write_binary("$deploy_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm", 'stale');
 
     my $dependencies = "$tmp/rpm-dependencies";
     my $scratch_repo_root = "$tmp/rpm-repo-root";
@@ -95,18 +97,18 @@ sub test_rpm_consumer {
         copy("$release_root/rpm/$package", "$dependencies/$name-1.noarch.rpm")
           or die $!;
     }
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         "$dependencies/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-x86_64-$version-old.noarch.rpm",
         'stale OpenEmbedded RPM',
     );
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         "$dependencies/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-x86_64-$version-old.src.rpm",
         'stale OpenEmbedded SRPM',
     );
 
     my $stub = "$tmp/perl-stub/Parallel/ForkManager.pm";
     make_path("$tmp/perl-stub/Parallel");
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         $stub,
         "package Parallel::ForkManager;\n"
           . "sub new { bless {}, shift }\n"
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ sub test_rpm_consumer {
     );
 
     is($status, 0, 'RPM repository accepts a verified Genesis release');
-    is(file_sha("$deploy_repo/$package"), file_sha("$release_root/rpm/$package"),
+    is(digest_file("$deploy_repo/$package"), digest_file("$release_root/rpm/$package"),
         'deployed RPM matches the release');
     ok(!-e "$run_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm",
         'stale run RPM is removed');
@@ -145,8 +147,8 @@ sub test_rpm_consumer {
         'stale source RPM is removed');
     ok(!-e "$deploy_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-stale.noarch.rpm",
         'stale deployed RPM is removed');
-    is(file_sha("$source_repo/$source_package"),
-        file_sha("$release_root/srpm/$source_package"),
+    is(digest_file("$source_repo/$source_package"),
+        digest_file("$release_root/srpm/$source_package"),
         'source RPM matches the release');
     ok(-f "$deploy_repo/repodata/repomd.xml", 'RPM repository metadata is generated');
     ok(-f "$deploy_repo/xCAT-genesis-base-x86_64-1.noarch.rpm",
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ sub test_rpm_consumer {
         'stale OpenEmbedded RPM is not collected');
     ok(!-e "$source_repo/xCAT-genesis-openembedded-x86_64-$version-old.src.rpm",
         'stale OpenEmbedded SRPM is not collected');
-    like(read_file("$output/mockbuild-all/$run/summary.txt"), qr/^copied_rpms=15$/m,
+    like(read_binary("$output/mockbuild-all/$run/summary.txt"), qr/^copied_rpms=15$/m,
         'release RPM is counted alongside required dependencies');
 }
 
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ sub test_deb_consumer {
     my $input = "$apt_root/ubuntu24.04";
     my $dummy = "$tmp/dummy-deb";
     make_path("$dummy/DEBIAN", $input, "$apt_root/pool/main/noble");
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         "$dummy/DEBIAN/control",
         "Package: xcat-genesis-base-amd64\nVersion: 1\nArchitecture: all\n"
           . "Maintainer: xCAT <xcat-user\@lists.sourceforge.net>\n"
@@ -177,8 +179,8 @@ sub test_deb_consumer {
         "$tmp/dummy-deb.log", 'dpkg-deb', '--root-owner-group', '--build',
         $dummy, "$input/xcat-genesis-base-amd64_1_all.deb",
       );
-    write_file("$input/xcat-genesis-openembedded-stale.deb", 'stale');
-    write_file("$apt_root/pool/main/noble/xcat-genesis-openembedded-old.deb", 'stale');
+    write_binary("$input/xcat-genesis-openembedded-stale.deb", 'stale');
+    write_binary("$apt_root/pool/main/noble/xcat-genesis-openembedded-old.deb", 'stale');
 
     local $ENV{SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH} = $epoch;
     my $log = "$tmp/deb-consumer.log";
@@ -196,23 +198,23 @@ sub test_deb_consumer {
     my $ppc64el = "$apt_root/dists/noble/main/binary-ppc64el/Packages";
 
     is($status, 0, 'APT repository accepts a verified Genesis release');
-    is(file_sha($pool_package), file_sha("$release_root/deb/$package"),
+    is(digest_file($pool_package), digest_file("$release_root/deb/$package"),
         'pooled DEB matches the release');
     ok(!-e "$apt_root/pool/main/noble/xcat-genesis-openembedded-old.deb",
         'stale pooled DEB is removed');
-    like(read_file($amd64), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-openembedded-x86-64$/m,
+    like(read_binary($amd64), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-openembedded-x86-64$/m,
         'all-architecture DEB is indexed for amd64');
-    like(read_file($ppc64el), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-openembedded-x86-64$/m,
+    like(read_binary($ppc64el), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-openembedded-x86-64$/m,
         'all-architecture DEB is indexed for ppc64el');
     ok(-f "$apt_root/dists/noble/Release", 'APT Release metadata is generated');
-    like(read_file($amd64), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-base-amd64$/m,
+    like(read_binary($amd64), qr/^Package: xcat-genesis-base-amd64$/m,
         'legacy Genesis DEB remains available');
     ok(!-e "$apt_root/pool/main/noble/xcat-genesis-openembedded-stale.deb",
         'stale OpenEmbedded DEB is not collected');
 
     my $collision = "$tmp/apt-collision";
     make_path("$collision/ubuntu24.04");
-    write_file("$collision/ubuntu24.04/$package", 'different');
+    write_binary("$collision/ubuntu24.04/$package", 'different');
     my $collision_log = "$tmp/deb-collision.log";
     my $collision_status = run_capture(
         $collision_log,
@@ -224,19 +226,19 @@ sub test_deb_consumer {
         'ubuntu24.04',
     );
     is($collision_status, 0, 'verified release replaces a stale source package');
-    is(file_sha("$collision/pool/main/noble/$package"),
-        file_sha("$release_root/deb/$package"),
+    is(digest_file("$collision/pool/main/noble/$package"),
+        digest_file("$release_root/deb/$package"),
         'pooled package still matches the verified release');
 }
 
 sub test_partial_rpm_release {
     my $release_root = make_package_release("$tmp/rpm-partial", 'rpm', 'x86_64');
     my $output = "$tmp/partial-output";
-    my $target = 'test+epel-10-' . capture('uname', '-m');
-    my $deployed = "$output/xcat-dep/rh10/" . capture('uname', '-m');
+    my $target = 'test+epel-10-' . capture_command('uname', '-m');
+    my $deployed = "$output/xcat-dep/rh10/" . capture_command('uname', '-m');
     my $existing = "$deployed/xCAT-genesis-base-existing.noarch.rpm";
     make_path($deployed);
-    write_file($existing, 'existing release');
+    write_binary($existing, 'existing release');
 
     my $log = "$tmp/rpm-partial.log";
     my $status = run_capture(
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ sub test_partial_deb_release {
     my $pool = "$apt_root/pool/main/noble";
     my $existing = "$pool/xcat-genesis-base-existing.deb";
     make_path($pool);
-    write_file($existing, 'existing release');
+    write_binary($existing, 'existing release');
 
     my $log = "$tmp/deb-partial.log";
     my $status = run_capture(
@@ -327,12 +329,3 @@ sub make_package_release {
     write_checksums($release_root);
     return $release_root;
 }
-
-sub capture {
-    my (@command) = @_;
-    open(my $fh, '-|', @command) or die $!;
-    my $output = <$fh>;
-    close($fh) or die $!;
-    chomp($output);
-    return $output;
-}
diff --git a/t/genesis_openembedded_release.t b/t/genesis_openembedded_release.t
index 2c3ba85..46dcab3 100644
--- a/t/genesis_openembedded_release.t
+++ b/t/genesis_openembedded_release.t
@@ -9,8 +9,13 @@ use FindBin;
 use Test::More;
 
 use lib "$FindBin::Bin/../lib";
-use lib "$FindBin::Bin/../genesis-openembedded/lib";
 use lib "$FindBin::Bin/lib";
+use XCAT::BuildUtils qw(
+  command_exists
+  digest_file
+  read_binary
+  write_binary
+);
 use XCAT::GenesisRelease qw(
   architectures
   deb_package_name
@@ -23,15 +28,11 @@ use XCAT::GenesisRelease qw(
   verify_release_file
 );
 use XCAT::GenesisReleaseTest qw(
-  command_exists
   copy_tree
   dies_like
-  file_sha
   make_export
-  read_file
   run_capture
   write_checksums
-  write_file
   write_release_manifest
 );
 
@@ -75,12 +76,12 @@ dies_like(sub { validate_export($missing, 'x86_64') }, qr/missing image\.vex\.js
     'missing release evidence fails');
 
 my $corrupt = make_export("$tmp/corrupt", 'x86_64');
-write_file("$corrupt/kernel", 'changed');
+write_binary("$corrupt/kernel", 'changed');
 dies_like(sub { validate_export($corrupt, 'x86_64') }, qr/Checksum mismatch for kernel/,
     'corrupt payload fails');
 
 my $unexpected = make_export("$tmp/unexpected", 'x86_64');
-write_file("$unexpected/extra", 'not part of the export');
+write_binary("$unexpected/extra", 'not part of the export');
 write_checksums($unexpected);
 dies_like(sub { validate_export($unexpected, 'x86_64') }, qr/Unexpected Genesis export file/,
     'unlisted export files fail');
@@ -100,9 +101,9 @@ make_path("$release_dir/rpm", "$release_dir/srpm", "$release_dir/deb");
 for my $architecture (qw(x86_64 ppc64le)) {
     my $rpm = rpm_package_name($architecture);
     my $deb = deb_package_name($architecture);
-    write_file("$release_dir/rpm/$rpm-$version-$release.noarch.rpm", "rpm $architecture");
-    write_file("$release_dir/srpm/$rpm-$version-$release.src.rpm", "srpm $architecture");
-    write_file("$release_dir/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
+    write_binary("$release_dir/rpm/$rpm-$version-$release.noarch.rpm", "rpm $architecture");
+    write_binary("$release_dir/srpm/$rpm-$version-$release.src.rpm", "srpm $architecture");
+    write_binary("$release_dir/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
 }
 write_release_manifest(
     $release_dir, $version, $release, $revision, $epoch,
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ my $qualified_release = "$tmp/qualified-release";
 my $qualified_release_name = '1+deb~1';
 my $qualified_deb = deb_package_name('x86_64');
 make_path("$qualified_release/deb");
-write_file(
+write_binary(
     "$qualified_release/deb/${qualified_deb}_${version}-${qualified_release_name}_all.deb",
     'deb x86_64',
 );
@@ -131,7 +132,7 @@ my $verified_copy = "$tmp/verified-copy.rpm";
 copy("$release_dir/$verified_relative", $verified_copy) or die $!;
 ok(verify_release_file($verified_checksums, $verified_relative, $verified_copy),
     'collected package matches the verified release');
-write_file($verified_copy, 'changed after verification');
+write_binary($verified_copy, 'changed after verification');
 dies_like(
     sub { verify_release_file($verified_checksums, $verified_relative, $verified_copy) },
     qr/Collected release file checksum mismatch/,
@@ -148,9 +149,9 @@ make_path("$complete_release/rpm", "$complete_release/srpm", "$complete_release/
 for my $architecture (architectures()) {
     my $rpm = rpm_package_name($architecture);
     my $deb = deb_package_name($architecture);
-    write_file("$complete_release/rpm/$rpm-$version-$release.noarch.rpm", "rpm $architecture");
-    write_file("$complete_release/srpm/$rpm-$version-$release.src.rpm", "srpm $architecture");
-    write_file("$complete_release/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
+    write_binary("$complete_release/rpm/$rpm-$version-$release.noarch.rpm", "rpm $architecture");
+    write_binary("$complete_release/srpm/$rpm-$version-$release.src.rpm", "srpm $architecture");
+    write_binary("$complete_release/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
 }
 write_release_manifest(
     $complete_release, $version, $release, $revision, $epoch,
@@ -163,7 +164,7 @@ my $deb_only_release = "$tmp/deb-only-release";
 make_path("$deb_only_release/deb");
 for my $architecture (architectures()) {
     my $deb = deb_package_name($architecture);
-    write_file("$deb_only_release/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
+    write_binary("$deb_only_release/deb/${deb}_${version}-${release}_all.deb", "deb $architecture");
 }
 write_release_manifest(
     $deb_only_release, $version, $release, $revision, $epoch,
@@ -173,12 +174,12 @@ write_checksums($deb_only_release);
 my $verify_all_log = "$tmp/verify-all.log";
 isnt(run_capture($verify_all_log, $verifier, $deb_only_release), 0,
     'all-format verification rejects a single-format release');
-like(read_file($verify_all_log), qr/Release does not contain rpm packages/,
+like(read_binary($verify_all_log), qr/Release does not contain rpm packages/,
     'all-format failure names the missing format');
 
 my $bad_release = "$tmp/bad-release";
 copy_tree($release_dir, $bad_release);
-write_file("$bad_release/rpm/stale.rpm", 'stale');
+write_binary("$bad_release/rpm/stale.rpm", 'stale');
 write_checksums($bad_release);
 dies_like(sub { validate_release($bad_release) }, qr/Unexpected Genesis release artifact/,
     'stale package fails');
@@ -194,9 +195,9 @@ SKIP: {
     skip 'git is not installed', 2 unless command_exists('git');
     my $source = "$tmp/dirty-xcat-core";
     make_path("$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe");
-    write_file("$source/Version", "$version\n");
-    write_file("$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe/build", "#!/bin/sh\nexit 99\n");
-    write_file("$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe/export", "#!/bin/sh\nexit 99\n");
+    write_binary("$source/Version", "$version\n");
+    write_binary("$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe/build", "#!/bin/sh\nexit 99\n");
+    write_binary("$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe/export", "#!/bin/sh\nexit 99\n");
     for my $command (
         [ 'git', '-C', $source, 'init', '-q' ],
         [ 'git', '-C', $source, 'add', '.' ],
@@ -206,7 +207,7 @@ SKIP: {
         die "Cannot prepare test repository\n"
           if run_capture("$tmp/git-fixture.log", @{$command});
     }
-    write_file("$source/untracked", "not part of the commit\n");
+    write_binary("$source/untracked", "not part of the commit\n");
     my $log = "$tmp/dirty-source.log";
     isnt(
         run_capture(
@@ -216,7 +217,7 @@ SKIP: {
         0,
         'release builder rejects untracked source files',
     );
-    like(read_file($log), qr/xcat-core checkout is not clean/,
+    like(read_binary($log), qr/xcat-core checkout is not clean/,
         'dirty checkout failure is explicit');
 }
 
@@ -277,11 +278,11 @@ sub exercise_packager {
         $relative = "deb/xcat-genesis-openembedded-x86-64_${version}-${release}_all.deb";
     }
     ok(-f "$first/$relative", "$format binary exists");
-    is(file_sha("$first/$relative"), file_sha("$second/$relative"),
+    is(digest_file("$first/$relative"), digest_file("$second/$relative"),
         "$format binary is reproducible across umasks");
     if ($format eq 'rpm') {
         ok(-f "$first/$source_relative", 'source RPM exists');
-        is(file_sha("$first/$source_relative"), file_sha("$second/$source_relative"),
+        is(digest_file("$first/$source_relative"), digest_file("$second/$source_relative"),
             'source RPM is reproducible across umasks');
     }
 
@@ -299,16 +300,16 @@ sub exercise_packager {
     if ($format eq 'rpm') {
         is(run_capture($contents_log, 'rpm', '-qpl', "$first/$relative"), 0,
             'RPM payload can be listed');
-        like(read_file($contents_log),
+        like(read_binary($contents_log),
             qr{/opt/xcat/share/xcat/netboot/genesis-openembedded/x86_64/kernel},
             'RPM uses the OpenEmbedded staging namespace');
         is(run_capture($contents_log, 'rpm', '-qp', '--scripts', "$first/$relative"), 0,
             'RPM script metadata can be read');
-        is(read_file($contents_log), '', 'RPM has no package scripts');
+        is(read_binary($contents_log), '', 'RPM has no package scripts');
     } else {
         is(run_capture($contents_log, 'dpkg-deb', '-c', "$first/$relative"), 0,
             'DEB payload can be listed');
-        like(read_file($contents_log),
+        like(read_binary($contents_log),
             qr{/opt/xcat/share/xcat/netboot/genesis-openembedded/x86_64/kernel},
             'DEB uses the OpenEmbedded staging namespace');
         my $control = "$tmp/deb-control";
@@ -363,8 +364,8 @@ sub exercise_builder_tmpdir {
     my $source = "$tmp/tmpdir-xcat-core";
     my $oe = "$source/xCAT-genesis-builder/oe";
     make_path($oe);
-    write_file("$source/Version", "$version\n");
-    write_file(
+    write_binary("$source/Version", "$version\n");
+    write_binary(
         "$oe/build",
         <<'BUILD',
 #!/bin/sh
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@ expected=$XCAT_GENESIS_WORK_DIR/build/tmp
 mkdir -p "$TMPDIR/deploy"
 BUILD
     );
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         "$oe/export",
         <<'EXPORT',
 #!/bin/sh
@@ -424,7 +425,7 @@ EXPORT
         );
     }
     is($status, 0, 'release builder isolates the OpenEmbedded tmpdir');
-    unlike(read_file($log), qr/Invalid OpenEmbedded deploy directory/,
+    unlike(read_binary($log), qr/Invalid OpenEmbedded deploy directory/,
         'release builder finds the configured deploy directory');
     ok(-d "$persistent_work/openembedded/build/tmp",
         'release builder preserves the requested work directory');
diff --git a/t/lib/XCAT/GenesisReleaseTest.pm b/t/lib/XCAT/GenesisReleaseTest.pm
index a4f83ee..36716ab 100644
--- a/t/lib/XCAT/GenesisReleaseTest.pm
+++ b/t/lib/XCAT/GenesisReleaseTest.pm
@@ -3,25 +3,23 @@ package XCAT::GenesisReleaseTest;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 
-use Digest::SHA ();
 use Exporter qw(import);
 use File::Basename qw(dirname);
 use File::Copy qw(copy);
-use File::Find qw(find);
 use File::Path qw(make_path);
-use File::Spec;
 use Test::More ();
+use XCAT::BuildUtils qw(
+  digest_manifest
+  relative_files
+  write_binary
+);
 
 our @EXPORT_OK = qw(
-  command_exists
   copy_tree
   dies_like
-  file_sha
   make_export
-  read_file
   run_capture
   write_checksums
-  write_file
   write_release_manifest
 );
 
@@ -39,7 +37,7 @@ sub make_export {
           "format=xcat-genesis\nversion=1\narchitecture=$architecture\n",
     );
     $content{'fw_jump.elf'} = 'firmware' if $architecture eq 'riscv64';
-    write_file("$directory/$_", $content{$_}) for sort keys %content;
+    write_binary("$directory/$_", $content{$_}) for sort keys %content;
     write_checksums($directory);
     return $directory;
 }
@@ -47,7 +45,7 @@ sub make_export {
 sub write_release_manifest {
     my ($directory, $xcat_version, $xcat_release, $revision, $epoch,
         $architectures, $formats) = @_;
-    write_file(
+    write_binary(
         "$directory/release.manifest",
         "format=xcat-genesis-packages\n"
           . "version=1\n"
@@ -63,66 +61,21 @@ sub write_release_manifest {
 sub write_checksums {
     my ($directory) = @_;
     unlink("$directory/SHA256SUMS") if -e "$directory/SHA256SUMS";
-    my @files;
-    find(
-        {
-            no_chdir => 1,
-            wanted   => sub {
-                return unless -f $_ && !-l $_;
-                my $relative = File::Spec->abs2rel($File::Find::name, $directory);
-                $relative =~ tr{\\}{/};
-                push(@files, $relative);
-            },
-        },
-        $directory,
+    my @files = relative_files($directory);
+    write_binary(
+        "$directory/SHA256SUMS",
+        digest_manifest($directory, 'sha256', @files),
     );
-    my $content = join('', map { file_sha("$directory/$_") . "  $_\n" } sort @files);
-    write_file("$directory/SHA256SUMS", $content);
-}
-
-sub file_sha {
-    my ($path) = @_;
-    open(my $fh, '<:raw', $path) or die $!;
-    my $digest = Digest::SHA->new(256)->addfile($fh)->hexdigest;
-    close($fh) or die $!;
-    return $digest;
 }
 
 sub copy_tree {
     my ($source, $destination) = @_;
     make_path($destination);
-    find(
-        {
-            no_chdir => 1,
-            wanted   => sub {
-                return if $File::Find::name eq $source;
-                my $relative = File::Spec->abs2rel($File::Find::name, $source);
-                my $target = "$destination/$relative";
-                if (-d $File::Find::name) {
-                    make_path($target);
-                } elsif (-f $File::Find::name) {
-                    make_path(dirname($target));
-                    copy($File::Find::name, $target) or die $!;
-                }
-            },
-        },
-        $source,
-    );
-}
-
-sub write_file {
-    my ($path, $content) = @_;
-    open(my $fh, '>:raw', $path) or die $!;
-    print {$fh} $content or die $!;
-    close($fh) or die $!;
-}
-
-sub command_exists {
-    my ($command) = @_;
-    for my $directory (File::Spec->path()) {
-        return 1 if -x "$directory/$command";
+    for my $relative (relative_files($source)) {
+        my $target = "$destination/$relative";
+        make_path(dirname($target));
+        copy("$source/$relative", $target) or die $!;
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
 sub run_capture {
@@ -140,15 +93,6 @@ sub run_capture {
     return $? >> 8;
 }
 
-sub read_file {
-    my ($path) = @_;
-    open(my $fh, '<:raw', $path) or die $!;
-    local $/;
-    my $content = <$fh> // '';
-    close($fh) or die $!;
-    return $content;
-}
-
 sub dies_like {
     my ($code, $pattern, $name) = @_;
     my $error = '';